The exact details about his childhood are not known though it is generally believed that Gaou Guinou, a younger son of the King of Allada, was his father, and his second wife, Pauline, his mother. Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography John Relly Beard Snippet view - 1971. In 1794 France granted freedom and citizenship to all blacks in the Empire. Though not much information is available about all his children, it is known for sure that he had three legitimate children: Placide, Isaac, and Saint-Jean. He even drafted a constitution in which he abolished slavery and appointed himself the governor. In January 1801, his armies invaded Santo Domingo and took control with little effort. Also Known As: François-Dominique Toussaint, Toussaint L'Ouverture, Toussaint Bréda, Napoléon Noir, Black Spartacus Born: May 20, 1743 on the Breda plantation near Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) Father: Hippolyte, or Gaou Guinou Died: April 7, 1803 at Fort-de-Joux, France Under his leadership, Toussaint’s troops were able to capture Santa Domingo. De Breda freed Louverture around 1777. Forming an army of former slaves and deserters from the French and Spanish armies, he trained his followers in guerrilla warfare and successfully ended slavery in Hispaniola by 1795. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. Toussaint married Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louvertureand had two children with her. He acquired near absolute powers and there was no provision for a French official in his territory. Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo led his country to achieve independence after fighting off both the Spanish and the Americans. He was now fighting his former black colleagues, who were still loyal to Spain. L’Ouverture is believed to have been born on May 20, 1743, in Saint-Domingue, a Caribbean Island, which was colonized and ruled by the French. As a young man he supervised the work of other slaves on the large farm where he lived. By 1796 Toussaint was the dominant figure in the colony. Inspired by the French Revolution that called for radical social and political reforms in France, the colored people in Saint-Dominigue (present day Haiti) also decided to revolt for their right to freedom and dignity. He died on 7 April 1803. He was nearly fifty years-old and married with a family, farming a small plot of land and running a plantation for his former master. His death is believed to have been caused by malnutrition, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Toussaint first secured safety of his wife and family in the Spanish-controlled eastern half of the island, away from the rebellion. The first records of his life were from his son, Isaac Louverture. His family was sold into slavery and sent to the Caribbean. He now served as a doctor to the troops as well as a soldier. On August 22, 1791, slaves rebelled in the French colony of Saint-Domingue on the western half of Hispaniola. Following this, Toussaint joined the French in their war against Spain in 1794. He had fathered several children with different women in his youth, many of who predeceased him. In 1793 Toussaint issues a really wonderful, proud, powerful proclamation where he calls himself “L’ouverture”… Literally meaning “an opening”… An opening, exactly. he was born on May 20, 1743 in Saint-Domingue, Haiti. Toussaint quickly developed a reputation and was given command of 600 black former slaves. Hispaniola became the first black independent republic in the world. Having temporarily secured peace with the European powers, Toussaint turned to the domestic unrest still festering on the island. Toussaint L'Ouverture was a leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution. Toussaint’s early life is not well documented but he is believed to have been born May 20, 1743, to Gaou Guinou, son of the king of Allada, a West African kingdom, his family was sold into slavery and sent to the Caribbean. Toussaint continued to work for his former owner and married Suzanne Simone Baptiste in 1782. François Toussaint L'Ouverture was a former Haitian slave who led the only successful slave revolt in modern history. Just as Toussaint had feared, Napoleon dispatched his brother-in-law, Charles Leclerc along with a huge army to capture him. Although he was enslaved, he learned some French and Latin. Born into slavery at an era where the harsh treatment meted out to blacks was legal, he was fortunate enough to have white masters who treated him kindly and allowed him to gain an education. He especially admired the writings of the French enlightenment philosophers. The Haitian Revolution is the only successful slave revolt in modern history—at a time when most of the slave revolts ended in executions and failure, he led a revolution that culminated in the establishment of an independent state. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. The French imported slaves from Africa to help farm crops on Haiti, especially sugarcane. Hero to his victorious soldiers and to all former slaves, he was respected as well by the resident French authorities. It is said that he was given his freedom in 1776, the same year the United States declared its independence from Great Britain. His decision to join the rebellion wasn’t only driven by the desire to defend his way of life. He read the classics and the Enlightenment political philosophers, who deeply influenced him. An intelligent and hardworking young man, he also acquired knowledge about medicinal plants and was a talented horseman. He professed himself a Frenchman in order to convince Napoleon Bonaparte of his loyalty. But shortly afterwards, in an act of betrayal the French arrested and imprisoned him. During his time in slavery, Toussaint had learned African and Creole herbal-medical techniques. https://www.biography.com/political-figure/toussaint-louverture. The couple had three children: Placide, Isaac and Saint-Jean. Nelson Mandela was the first Black president of South Africa, elected after time in prison for his anti-apartheid work. He read the classics and the Enlightenment political philosophers, who were his greatest influencers. Soon a major slave rebellion began and Toussaint emerged as the leader of this movement. Biography Haitian war hero who was simply the leader from the Haitian Trend. It had the following--PREFACE. First working as a doctor, Toussaint soon became … He was deeply influenced by the writings of the French philosophers who wrote of individual rights and equality. He had also acquired some knowledge about medicinal plants and herbs. Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography John Beard Limited preview - 2007. Unfortunately, since then things have not gone well for Haiti. Admired by the former slaves, whom he’d help free, he was also well respected by the many French authorities who technically still controlled Saint-Domingue. He also developed a deep devotion to the teachings of Catholicism. Age, Birthday & Zodiac. He issued a new constitution that declared all French colonies would be ruled under special laws. He married Suzanne Simone Baptiste in 1782. Toussaint Louverture is part of G.I. Though the mulattoes, led by Gen. Rigaud, had cooperated with the blacks against the British, many of the mulattoes really wished to reimpose sla… It is believed his father was Gaou Guinou, the younger son of the king of Allada, a … Toussaint Louverture Early Life Born May 20, 1743, François Toussaint early life is not well documented. She was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. He was also given religious instruction and became a Catholic. A few years later, he would rent a plot of land, to which were attached 13 slaves. At age 33, Toussaint was given his freedom. He was Black, like most of the other enslaved people in Saint-Domingue. Popular history has it that Louverture was born sometime in May 1743 on the Bréda plantation in Haut-du-Cap in Saint-Domingue. He was careful not to declare full independence and professed himself a Frenchman to convince Napoleon of his loyalty. Fortunately Toussaint had a liberal master who let him read and write. Napoleon III, the nephew of Napoleon I, was emperor of France from 1852 to 1870. former Haitian slave who led the only successful slave revolt in modern history He realized that some of the rebel leaders were willing to compromise with the European radicals, a point of view that he did not share. According to Louverture’s son, Isaac, a key source of information about his father’s life, however, Louverture was born in the colony in 1746, the grandson of an Arada prince named Gaou-Guinou. Born into slavery on May 20, 1743 in the French colony of Saint Dominque, L’Ouverture was the eldest son of Gaou Guinon, an African prince who was captured by slavers. Toussaint was now the de facto ruler of the entire island of Hispaniola. Little is known for sure about Toussaint Louverture’s early life, because sources disagree. Toussaint Louverture is old. The exact details about his childhood are not known though it is generally believed that Gaou Guinou, a younger son of the King of Allada, was his father, and his second wife, Pauline, his mother. Finally Toussaint agreed to lay down his arms in exchange for Leclerc’s promise not to restore slavery. Seeking an opportunity to harass the French, the British sent troops to put down the slave revolt. In a series of victories, Dessalines’ coalition of blacks and mulattos were successful in forcing the French to surrender and leave the island. Toussaint was the eldest among their several children. He rose to prominence in part by taking advantage of wars between the powerful countries that occupied his homeland. Soon after, Jean-Jacques Dessalines switched sides again and commanded rebel forces against the French. Louverture was also relatively educated—at least, compared to most other slaves—because both de Breda and his parents encouraged Louverture to read and write. The Treaty of Basel, in July 1795, ended the hostilities between France and Spain and the Spanish pulled out of Hispaniola. With time he got married and raised a family, and settled into a comfortable life. King Arrada, also called Great Arrada, was the king of what is now Benin. The Biography was first published in London, ten years since, as "The Life of Toussaint L'Ouverture, the Negro Patriot of Hayti: By the Rev. While the Caribbean islands boiled with rebellion, European powers were fighting to gain advantage. He was born on 20 May 1743 in Saint-Dominigue. Most sources tell us that Toussaint Louverture was born on the plantation … His military function led to a whole culture of slaved in to the condition of Haiti. The colony became wealthy during this time. Fearing defeat, the French National Convention acted to preserve its colonial rule and secure the loyalty of the black population. Under his rule all the blacks were freed, and he gave prominence to the maintenance of law and order, and encouraged trade and commerce. Toussaint's horoscope is Taurus according to his birth date. Prior to 1791, the mulatto population, who were not enslaved, had owned slaves themselves. Generation also known as The Greatest Generation. We strive for accuracy and fairness. These 41 pictures were exhibited at the Baltimore Museum of Art during 1937-38. He eventually secured freedom from his owner though he continued working for him out of his own accord. After that, Louverture married, had children, and even eventually owned land and slaves. Napoleon confirmed Toussaint’s position as colonial governor and promised not to reinstate slavery. Also Known As: Toussaint L'Ouverture, Toussaint Bréda, Born in: Saint-Dominigue (present day Haiti), Famous as: Leader of the Haitian Revolution, See the events in life of Toussaint Louverture in Chronological Order. His mother was Gaou Guinou’s second wife. Poet William Wordsworth wrote a sonnet about him called To Toussaint L’Ouverture in 1803. Toussaint owned at least one slave himself, and would later give him his freedom. Childhood Toussaint Louverture was born in 1740s. Toussaint was also deeply influenced by his Catholic religion, which condemned slavery, and Enlightenment philosophers, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who wrote of the equality of man. His father, Gaou Guinou wa… It was during this time that Toussaint adopted the surname Louverture, from the French word for “opening” or “opening the way.’. He grew up … Toussaint Louverturewas born on 20 May 1743 in Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti). TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE, A BIOGRAPHY My interview with Professor X, from “FORGOTTEN ESSENTIALS,” chapter 2 -Kiskeya Publishing Co, 2017 In the month of April 2005, while celebrating the anniversary of Toussaint Louverture, I had the opportunity to receive a great Professor who preferred to stay anonymous. At first, François Toussaint was uncommitted. Toussaint Louverture was born a slave, and he served a humane master named Count de Breda, a sugar manufacturer. Jacob Lawrence’s initial work was a series of paintings of Toussaint L’Ouverture, Haitian general who led the Haitian Revolution. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Early Life. Toussaint’s early life is not well documented but he is believed to have been born May 20, 1743, to Gaou... Death. Winning the favour of the plantation manager, he became … Allada (also spelled as Arrada) was a West African ancient kingdom located in modern-day Benin. The Life of Toussaint L’Ouverture, 1936–38, was the artist’s first narrative series and predates such other well-known early series as The Life of Frederick Douglass, 1939; The Life of Harriet Tubman, 1940 (both Hampton University Museum); and The Migration Series, 1941 (MoMA and The Phillips Collection). Indira Gandhi was India's third prime minister, serving from 1966 until 1984, when her life ended in assassination. François Dominique Toussaint was born in about 1743 in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). Toussaint joined Georges Biassou’s rebels who had allied with the Spanish against France. Toussaint may have been involved in the planning of the Boukman Rebellion of 1791, but what is certain is that he joined the army officially very shortly after the initial revolt. Even though he was born as a slave, his father had once been a free man who had been captured and sold into slavery. This paved the way for western expansion throughout the 19th century. His downfall came during the Franco-Prussian War, when his efforts to defeat Otto Von Bismarck ended in his capture. Even though Bonaparte confirmed Toussaint’s position, he saw him as a hindrance to the restoration of Saint-Dominigue as a profitable colony. By the time he was 20, he could speak three languages—French, Creole, and Latin. Frustrated by a rebellion he couldn’t control in Hispaniola, Napoleon Bonaparte decided not to expand his empire into North America and sold the Louisiana territory to the United States in 1803. A self-educated slave freed shortly before the uprising in 1791, he joined the black rebellion to liberate the slaves and became its organizational genius. Defying French Revolutionary laws, he allowed plantation owners, who had fled during the rebellion, to return.

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